Education, Economy and Business and Finance Essay

MANILA, Philippines ? Senator Francis Escudero expressed alarm on Thursday over the increasing dropout rates in primary and secondary education levels. We should be able to graduate more students in both levels, if not achieve universal primary education by 2015, as targeted in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals,? said Escudero. Speaking at a forum on education at the Asian Institute of Management in Makati, Escudero urged the government to work sharply to reduce, if not eliminate, dropout rates in public elementary and high schools in six years. He cited a UN report in 2000, which showed that in nearly five decades since the 1960s, dropout rates at the public elementary level had remained high, with 28 to 34 percent failing to complete Grade 6.Citing the latest data from a separate study he did not identify, Escudero estimated that of the 100 children who entered Grade 1, only 86 moved on to Grade 2, 76 to Grade 4, 67 to Grade 6, and only 65 finally completed the six years of elementary education.Of the 65, only 58 enroll in high school and 45 are able to graduate, Escudero added. He said while the Department of Education (DepEd) had the biggest share of the national budget at P158.2 billion for 2009, it still did not meet the budgetary standard set by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco), which is 6 percent of a country?s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Education is the greatest equalizer. Most of the children who are left behind live in poverty and in remote areas. The next administration must aggressively move to narrow the education gap and increase education? share of the national budget to 20 percent,? said Escudero.

Essay about Intrinsic Value in the Non-Human Natural World

Intrinsic Value in the Non-Human Natural World When it comes to the question of non-human rights and the value of nature, there are adamant advocates, those who completely disagree with particular values and rights for the ecosystem, and those could care less. For myself, I believe I have fallen somewhat in between these extremes and have honestly never really considered the idea of intrinsic value and certain rights for the non-human natural world. Singer, Baxter, Steinbock and Callicott (with the words and ideas of Leopold) each have very different ideas about animal rights and the concept of the non-human natural world having a value by itself, regardless of human interests. I will briefly go†¦show more content†¦His main belief centers around the fact that because animals and plant life have no ability to reason, they have no moral standing. Baxter believes that animal interests dont and should not count and that the natural world has no intrinsic value beyond human interests. In response to Baxters idea, I would first ask him exactly who the people are hes talking to in his defense of this being the way people really think. I think its a bit of a rash assumption to say that because he thinks this way, many others must agree (as I sincerely doubt he has done any research on the subject). Although I do agree with Baxter that it is in humans interests to preserve the environment, but this is because there are many essential functions that humans cannot perform themselves. For instance, the example of bees pollinating flowers, is it a viable probability that humans would be able to find a way to perform this function? Also, the internalization of carbon dioxide and the regeneration of oxygen that trees perform, is it possible for humans to perform such a function? In Baxters essay, he says that it would be difficult if not impossible to designate representatives to focus on non-human interests, however, I think it would rather simple. There are people who make it their lifes workShow MoreRelatedEvaluate the Importance of Ecosystem Management and Protection1135 Words   |  5 Pageswithin an ecosystem range from utility value, maintenance of genetic diversity, intrinsic value, and heritage value. Utility value Economists consider all living and non living components of the earth’s ecosphere as having an existing or potential utility value. By maintaining and protecting ecosystem, we are maximising our race’s ability to adapt to change. The enormous diversity of life represents a huge date base of genetic material can be tapped into as human needs change. the loss of a species;Read MoreThe Influences of Nature In Hinduism1020 Words   |  4 PagesIndia in his journal, â€Å"The value of nature in India (Hindu) traditions. Framarin explains his ideas on how to achieve moksa and what animals have effect on the moksa cycle. He also places other philosophers’ ideas into his journal and thoroughly explains the ideas in detail and how he feels about them. The traditions of Hindusim that are influenced by nature has an effect on everything they believe in. Ahimsa is doing good deeds or non-harm to anything in this world. Through ahimsa Hindu peopleRead MoreWhat Are The Ideologies Associated With Societal Views Of The Environment And How One Should Effectively Approach Natural Resource Conservation1536 Words   |  7 PagesCaroline Cooper Professor M. Sellers PUP4224 February 12, 2016 Environmental Values Today, there are three main ideologies associated with societal views of the environment and how one should effectively approach natural resource conservation. There is anthropocentrism which places human needs and utility as the highest priority and values the environment only to the point at which it is useful to humans. In the words of Aristotle (Politics, Bk. 1, Ch. 8), â€Å"nature has made all things specificallyRead MoreAnalysis Of Paul Taylor s Respect For Nature 912 Words   |  4 PagesIndividualism. It basically means that humans are not superior to any living organisms. Humans are a part of nature, so humans should have moral relations and connections with every living organism in the world. Thus, human’s obligations, actions and responsibilities should be often determined with respect to those relations and connections. Moreover, he suggests that every organism has intrinsic value such as unique biological functions or natural goals. To maintain a good natural system, organisms have to contributeRead More`` Faking Nature `` By Robert Elliot745 Words   |  3 PagesAuthenticity holds intrinsic value. The process of destroying something to then later recreate it removes its authenticity and in turn, its intrinsic value. In his essay, Faking Nature, Robert Elliot argues that the recreation of natural landscapes after human destruction strips nature of its value. Rather than disrupting and restoring landscapes, Elliot emphasizes the priority should be preserving it. Elliot rejects the argument of the restoration thesis which is the claim that a recreation ofRead MoreThe Central Dilemma Of Environmental Ethics866 Words   |  4 PagesThe central dilemma in environmental ethics is determining the value of nature: what kind of value does it have, what aspects of the environment have value, and from what or whom does environmental value ultimately derive? Many philosophers have proposed answers to these inquiries, but every ethic is weak in one or more of these areas. Holmes Rolston III, an American philosopher, preacher, and naturalist, has proposed a deontological argument that addresses each of the key subjects in the debateRead MoreImportance Of Species Conservation1685 Words   |  7 Pagesand prominent non-governmental organizations like the World Wildlife Fund aiming to preserve endangered species from extinction. In this essay, I analyze the moral significance of species conservation, focusing on the intrinsic value of the existence of en dangered species as described by Holmes Rolston. I conclude that the existence of endangered species is not intrinsically important, though in some cases conservation may be instrumentally important to individual animals or humans. I will also discussRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Moral Philosophy1505 Words   |  7 Pagesmoral philosophy that corresponds directly to Hedonism is known as the Value Theory. The Value Theory establishes what is â€Å"valuable in and of itself, what is worth pursuing for its own sake†1. Goods that are valuable in their own right are intrinsic values, as referred to in the previous sentence. Contrary to intrinsic values, instrumental goods have the ability to lead to valuable things, but don’t themselves hold significant value. Hedonism, at its core, is centered around the pursuit of pleasure andRead MoreEcocentrism And Environmentalism1578 Words   |  7 Pagescontemporary environmental issue of deforestation as an example will provide justification for the argument that ecosystems have moral standing and a good of its own. Analysis Ecocentrism regards the ethics of the environment using ecology to find deeper value in ecological entities, processes, and the interrelatedness of species in an environment. In contrary to biocentrism, ecocentrists think that the view of a biocentrist is too individualistic to capture all the relations that occur in nature. The ethicsRead MoreThe Limits Of Growth ( Tltg )1558 Words   |  7 PagesTLTG recognises human’s overconsumption and disregard for the Earth’s finite resources as a cause of exponential growth. However, it very much focuses on the survival of people rather than the Earth’s intrinsic value. An ecocentric perspective argues that each fragment of the Earth has an intangible value and should be treated accordingly; a concept that TLTG does not address. An ecocentric perspective has the propensity to halt the over-exploitation that occurs at such an alarming rate. Ecocentrism

Early civilization of North America - 1575 Words

Early civilization of North America With the discovery of America, several emigrants started moving to this newly discovered land. As a result of this, numerous colonies were formed in America. The Spanish settlers were the first to immigrate to America. They formed colonies in the West Indies, Mexico and South America. On the other hand, English emigrants arrived to New England, Virginia and other parts of America, which later formed the United States. Immigration to the â€Å"New World† took pace in the early 1600s and grew from a group of few hundred colonists to a flood of millions of newcomers. These new settlers started building a new civilization in the northern region. Immigration of English settlers started long after the settlement of Spaniards in South America and Mexico. Majority of the English colonists were those who escaped their homeland to avoid political coercion, to practice their religions with freedom and to explore new opportunities that were absent in t heir homeland. It was the time when England was facing an economic depression and job opportunities were rare even for skilled people. Immigration of English and other European settlers was primary due to the political instability in their homeland. The instable regime of Charles I forced many English people to move to the New World. In addition to this, the repressive policies of rulers in other parts of Europe and the destruction because of several wars played a major role in encouraging Europeans to moveShow MoreRelatedCompare the Effects of the Fur Trade on Native Societies in North America, with the Effects of the Slave Trade on Native Societies in Africa866 Words   |  4 Pagestrade and slave trade connected the global commerce, and played a significant role in world history. 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The last reason was the EuropeansRead MoreThe World Of World History1284 Words   |  6 Pagespays a lot of attention to periodization. Some complexities rise above the six-stage world history periodization. A.Each period determined by three base criteria 1.A geographical rebalancing among major civilization areas. 2.An increase in the intensity and extent of contact among civilizations. 3.The emergence of new and roughly parallel developments. B. Societies established key ideas talked about in two themes of this textbook. 1. Theme one talks about the interaction betweenRead MoreEssay about Ancient Civilizations1159 Words   |  5 Pages Early American Civilizations nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Early American civilizations were composed of four different groups of people. These four groups were composed of the Mayas, Aztecs, Incas, and the North Americans. These groups were the same in many ways, but had some differences that would distinguish their group from the others. 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How Shakespeare Impacted The British History - 1851 Words

Navneet Kaur CP British Literature 3-B Mr. Wasemiller 19 February, 2015 How Shakespeare Impacted the British History? Shakespeare’s influence on the British culture in the 21st century remains unwavering. â€Å"Although William Shakespeare is viewed as the quintessential English writer, Shakespeare’s poems and plays have altered the course of European and World literature. The shadow that William Shakespeare has cast over the world has influenced artists, poets, philosophers and thinkers.’ (William Shakespeare- Biography, n.d.). Because of him, our society has a different view of the English culture. William Shakespeare was born in the town of Stratford, London on April 26, 1564 where he was baptized. He was the third of the eight children of the family and also the longest surviving child (â€Å"The Life of William Shakespeare†, n.d.). He was the son of John Shakespeare, a council member of a municipal and well renown glover. John began dealing with properties, wool, and farming equipment that led him to making a fortune. â €Å" After a few years he married Mary Arden Shakespeare, who was a daughter of a prosperous landowner of a sixty acre farm. Over the course of time, John Shakespeare’s well running business died off. â€Å"The condition of his work began to decline. In a matter of time he was a rich business owner who would go from a civil servant to a debtor to council member of the municipality.† Around 1569, John Shakespeare was struggling to pay his taxes on time due to noShow MoreRelatedThe Elizabethan Age: Is There a History Behind the Theater? Essay examples1668 Words   |  7 Pagesalways history behind a theater, right? Right! The Elizabethan Theater was part of an age where body of works reign while Elizabeth I was queen (1558-1603). 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Additionally, this shift out of the binary allows for the thing to become its own subject. If, as Baudrillard believes â€Å"it is the subject that totalizes the world† (qtd in Brown) then this implies that the thing is not merely passively impacted by the world but actively impacts the world with its presence. However, only viewing the First Folio as a thing in opposition to an object also limits our study of it. Instead, I propose that we should examine the story of an object becoming a thingRead MoreThe Impact Confucius, Gandhi, and Western Ideas had on China, Japan, and India1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact Confucius, Gandhi, and Western Ideas had on China, Japan, and India ‘The future depends on what you do today’(Gandhi). In Japan, China, and India each country was faced with similar opportunities, and chose a different path that has impacted their future, setting them aside from one another. When Western countries came into China, India, and Japan, each country reacted differently to the Western ideas that these foreigners brought which would then change the culture. Japan and ChinaRead MoreComparison between Othello and Skin1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe predicament of the outsider in the texts Othello and Skin. To what extent are the differences between the two texts treatment of this theme due to their different historical and cultural contexts? Othello and Skin are both excellent examples of how the outsider is topic in which society is intrigued by. Both Sandra and Othello are both victims of their time and geographical setting, as well as being considered different due to their race and achievements. Although there are a great number of commonRead MoreWhy Is Love So Complicated?1212 Words   |  5 PagesPlague that killed more than half of Eastern European population. Many individuals saw it as a new page of life. 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Both Wells and Shakespeare touch on the theme of s ocial order, disseminating their personal lives into their literaryRead More British Literature: Past and Present Essay2378 Words   |  10 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;British literature continues to be read and analyzed because the themes, motifs and controversies that people struggled with in the past are still being debated today. The strongest themes that were presented in this course related to changing governments, the debate about equity between blacks and whites, men and women and rich and poor, and the concern about maintaining one’s cultural identity. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The evolution of governmentsRead MoreComparing Catherine II and Elizabeth I1900 Words   |  8 PagesEmpire in war. Catherine also formed the Armed Neutrality, a group of countries who came together to create a naval force to oppose the British during the American Revolution. Her last years as empress included conquering parts of Poland and preparing to go into Persia and France. As she was getting older, concerns arose about her estrangement from her son Petrovich; how she may not let him succeed her. Her death in 1796 was a surprise to everyone. When Petrovich came to power, he tried to keep the polices

Statistical Models for Data

Question: Describe about the Report for Statistical Models for Data. Answer: 1: In the problem a random variable z is considered which is said to follow a standard normal distribution. The standard normal distribution has mean equal to 0 units and a standard deviation equal to 1 unit. The probability that the value of z lie within the interval (a, b) is given by = 0.95 The value of a is given -2. The value of b has to be calculated from the equation so that the probability will be 0.95. The calculation is shown below: The value of b has to be calculated from the standard normal tables for which the probability is 0.97275. The value of b is 1.91. In the next problem one has to find the value of b for which there will be no solution in the equation for the variable b. The variable b will have no solution if the probability of b is less than zero. The probability function always has values greater than or equal to zero. The value of b is determined solving the following equation. Therefore no such value exists for which 0.95+P[za] is less than zero. Then the value of P[za] has to be less than -0.95. But P[za] cannot have negative value being probability. Therefore, such value of b do not exist for which P[zb] do not have any solution. b.In the second part, an interval (a, b] needs to be calculated for which the interval length (b-a) will be the shortest. Let us take a random value of b to 3.9. Then P [zb] is 0.99995. In order to get 0.95, 0.0495 has to be subtracted from the result. The value of z for which the probability is 0.0495 is -1.67. Therefore the length of the interval is 3.9 - -1.67 = 5.57. Now the value of a for which the probability is almost equal to 0 is -3.99. The probability is 0.0003. Then the probability of b needs to be 0.95 and the value of b is 1.6. Therefore it can be seen that the interval will get smaller as one takes the value of b to be smaller and the value of a to be larger. The smallest value of b having probability greater than 0.95 is 1.65 and the value of a has to be so chosen that the probability is nearly equal to zero. Consider the following table: A B c.d.f Length of interval -1.6 3.9 1 0.05 = 0.95 5.5 -1.7 2.3 .99 - .04 =0.95 4 -1.8 2.0 .98 - .03 =0 .95 3.8 -2.0 1.8 0.97 - .02 = 0.95 3.8 2.3 1.7 0.96 - .01 = 0.95 4 3.99 1.6 0.95 - .00 = 0.95 5.5 Therefore from the table it can be concluded that the smallest value of the interval (a, b] for which the interval has the shortest length is (2.0, -1.8] and the length is approximately 3.8. 2: The scores of students for the assignment have been given. On the basis of the scores a 90% confidence interval has to be constructed for the average scores. The confidence interval can be constructed by considering the distribution to be approximately normal with mean value and standard deviation . The sample mean is denoted by x-bar and the sample standard deviation by s. The size of the sample is denoted by n which is equal to 20. Then the confidence interval for the mean value is given by the following formula: C.I = ( x-bar - 1.96 * s/sqrt(n) , x-bar + 1.96 * s/ sqrt(n) ). The value of x-bar is 11.25 and the sample standard deviation is 2.14905. The confidence interval is calculated to be (10.301813, 12.19186). The confidence interval specifies an interval within which the confidence coefficient value is expected to lie. The phrase 95% confidence interval for x-bar actually signifies that the probability the estimate from the observed values will lie within the interval is 0.95. The tolerance interval on the other hand gives the interval within which a specified proportion of the population lies with certain confidence (Liao, Lin Iyer, 2012). The tolerance interval is given by the following formula: b.Tolerance interval = x-bar s * k2 , where, k2 is a constant factor of two sided confidence interval. The k2 value for tolerance limit = 95, and sample size n= 20 is 3.895. Therefore, the value of the tolerance interval is (2.87944558, 19.62055). The interpretation of tolerance interval is simple. The length of the interval suggests that the probability that .95 portion of the future values of the population that will lie inside the interval is 0.95. 3. The assignment scores of 20 students in the assignment are given. Out of them 11 students has got a score more than 10. The proportion of people who has got a score more than 10 is 0.55. On the basis of the data a confidence interval based on the population proportion has to be calculated. The variance of the population proportion is given by the following formula: The confidence interval is given by the following formula: C.I = ( p - z * sqrt(p (1- p)/n) , p + z * sqrt(p (1- p)/n) ). The value of p is the estimated sample proportion. The value is equal to 0.55 in case of the given dataset. Z is the tabulated value from the standard normal distribution and at 95% the value is 1.96 for a two sided confidence interval. The confidence interval is calculated to be (0.76803624 , 0.33196376). In the second part the size of the sample needs to be determined so that the confidence interval is doubled. This means that *2 Therefore the value of n calculated by the above formula is 6.512621. 4: There are 3 random variables: B, P and N. The random variable B follows a binomial distribution with parameters n=100 and p= 0.001m. The variable P follows a poisson distribution with parameters = m and N follows a Normal distribution with mean m and variance equals to m * (100 0.001m). The values that were missing in the table are given below: Distribution Variable(x values) Parameters Probability density function/Probability Mass function Binomial m=0 100,0.001 0.366 Poisson m=1 1 0.367879 Normal m=1 (1.5,2.5) 1, 1*(100-0.001) 0.003989 Poisson m=50 49 0.0557 Normal m=50(49.5,50.5) 50 ,50* (100 0.001 * 50) 0.00798 Binomial m=99 100, 0.001*99 0.0003697 Normal m=99(97.5, 98.5) 99, 99 * (100 0.001* 99) 0 Normal m=99(99.5, 100.5) 99, 99 * (100 - .001*99) 0.0399 The binomial distribution can be approximated to normal distribution by CLT. This happens when the sample size is large more than 100.The normal distribution is a continuous distribution. The probability at any point of a continuous distribution is equal to zero. The discrete distribution has probability only at certain points. In order to convert a binomial distribution into normal distribution, a correction for continuity is required. The binomial distribution takes values only at the points 0,1,2,3,..,n where n is the size of the sample. These points can be termed as x. When the binomial distribution is converted into Poisson distribution, then x takes vales in the interval(x , x + ). Then the binomial variable has mean np and variance equals to np(1-p). The normal variable is given by the following formula: z= (x-np)/np(1-p) The binomial distribution can be approximated into standard normal distribution if the value of p is very small and the value of n is large enough. Then the density and distribution functions cannot be calculated for binomial distribution. But the binomial distribution tends to follow a Poisson distribution with parameter lambda = np. There is a rule for this transformation. The value of n and p should be so chosen that np 10. In the case of this problem all the values of np is greater than 10. Therefore this binomial distribution can be converted to Poisson distribution. The conversion is shown below. - When n- and p- 0 np -. The variance used in the normal distribution is given by the formula .001m * (100 m). This is given by the formula p * (n m). The variance of the binomial variable was np * (1-p). The normal variance has been derived from the binomial variance(Huber-Carol et al., 2012). 5: A sample having size 5 is taken from a population having the following density function: f(x) = (1+x)^(-1- ) The value of theta has to be estimated from on the basis of the observed values of the population. The value can be estimated by solving the likelihood equation. The likelihood equation is given by the formula: L () = So the likelihood function is the product of the density functions. The likelihood function can be converted into a simple function by taking logarithmic transformation. This does not affect the values as the transformation is one to one. The estimated value and standard error calculation of theta are shown below: L() = 5ln( ) (1 + ) * The first order derivative of the log likelihood equation is: L() = 5/ The estimate of theta is obtained by equating the first derivative of the above equation to zero. The second order derivative is used to calculate the standard error of the parameter. The second order derivative is given by the formula: l``( ) = -5/ ^2 The standard error of a parameter is obtained from the second order derivative of the likelihood function. The expected value of the negative of the second order derivative of the likelihood function at the point theta-hat (estimated value of theta) gives the fishers information matrix. The Fisher information matrix gives the standard error. Estimated value of theta = 55.6235. The value of the likelihood function by taking the estimated value of population parameter is 0.001616045. The standard error in the measurement of the parameter has been calculated to be 0.00161045. Reference: Huber-Carol, C., Balakrishnan, N., Nikulin, M., Mesbah, M. (Eds.). (2012).Goodness-of-fit tests and model validity. Springer Science Business Media. Liao, C. T., Lin, T. Y., Iyer, H. K. (2012). One-and two-sided tolerance intervals for general balanced mixed models and unbalanced one-way random models.Technometrics.

William Blake Essays (525 words) - William Blake, Visual Arts

William Blake Biography William Blake was a 19th century writer and artist who is regarded as a seminal figure of the Romantic Age. His writings have influenced countless writers and artists through the ages, and he has been deemed both a major poet and an original thinker. Synopsis Born in 1757 in London, England, William Blake began writing at an early age and claimed to have had his first vision, of a tree full of angels, at age 10. He studied engraving and grew to love Gothic art, which he incorporated into his own unique works. A misunderstood poet, artist and visionary throughout much of his life, Blake found admirers late in life and has been vastly influential since his death in 1827. Early Years William Blake was born on November 28, 1757, in the Soho district of London, England. He only briefly attended school, being chiefly educated at home by his mother. The Bible had an early, profound influence on Blake, and it would remain a lifetime source of inspiration, colouring his life and works with intense spirituality. At an early age, Blake began experiencing visions, and his friend and journalist Henry Crabbe Robinson wrote that Blake saw God's head appear in a window when Blake was 4 years old. He also allegedly saw the prophet Ezekiel under a tree and had a vision of "a tree filled with angels." Blake's visions would have a lasting effect on the art and writings that he produced. Views and ideas For Blake, buildings, especially church buildings, often symbolised confinement, restriction and failure. Blake's religious beliefs stemmed from a long tradition in Britain ofChristian dissenters. This tradition was opposed to established religion, was suspicious of the monarchy and the role it played in religion and had long railed against corruption and abuse of power in the Church and Monarchy. He was a Christian. But not a normal Chiristian. His idea of God had a lot to do with imagination. For Blake, the Church and believing in God were not the same thing. The Church is political. God is not. One of the main messages in the Gospels is that each person can have direct contact with God. People don't need a Church to communicate with God. Through prayer, imagination, good deeds, etc, humans can communicate directly with God. The Church is a middle man. He believed that England had fallen and would be redeemed. This is expressed in his idea of the New Jerusalem.Blake's beliefs are c omplicated. Many people struggle to understand him. He was a 'mystic' poet. He created his own form of Christianity. It had much to do with the imagination. He lived in a time, like ours, when people were very taken with Science. He was a prophet in that he was reminding people to remember the worlds that are invisible, that we can not access through our minds, but only with our hearts. Blake's spiritual views where greatly influenced by Swedenbourg Famous poems and works poems The tyger, London, the lamb, the chimney sweeper, and did those feet in ancient... And the auguries of innocence Artwork The ancient of days, Nebuchad, the ghost of a flea, pity and Newton

Health Care †Operation Management in Canada, England and USA

Table of Contents Introduction Health Care in USA Health Care in the UK Health Care in Canada References Appendix Introduction To give some insight into different approaches of resource usage a comparison of Health Care operation and management in various countries may be useful. It is for this reason this reason this paper will provide a brief comparison of the operation and management of Health Care in the UK, USA and Canada.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Health Care – Operation Management in Canada, England and USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is important due to relative scarcity of resources in both rich and poor countries that has caused inadequacy of available public resources for health care to meet the demand (Brandeau, Sainfort, Pierskalla, 2004). Based on this observation the work of policy makers and health care providers involves determining how to make the best use of the li mited resources available. Despite the scarce resources human health noted significant improvements in the past 50 years. Life expectancy which was 47 years in 1950, rose to 61 years in 1980 and finally to 67 years by 1998 (Brandeau et al., 2004). Much of this improvement was due to improved nutrition, sanitation and medical innovations and their role in low and middle income countries. However, despite the use of varied approaches to Health Care significant differences still exist in various countries. This is evident upon observation of data from these countries. It has been mentioned that though the US spends the most per capita on Health Care, the country also has the largest amount of out of pocket expenditure for Health Care services (Peterson Burton, 2008). This suggests that policy may need to be changed to allow for better and more comprehensive national Health coverage. Due to issues such as disease prevalence and prevalent economic conditions, governments must determine at the highest level what amount of resources they will spend on health care. The government is also expected to design and implement feasible payment schemes for physicians and other health care providers (Brandeau et al., 2004). In addition to the above decisions, governments must also make crucial decisions in relation to the structure of health care systems. The government decides on geographic areas to allocate resources, specific programs to allocate resources and specific health issues to allocate resources (Brandeau et al., 2004). In addition to these economic and structural decisions the government must also handle policy issues that have a major impact on health care. In this paper the discussion presented will discuss health care operation and management in England, Canada and the USA along these lines. Health Care in USA Currently health care is the biggest service based business around the world (Patel Rushefsky, 2008). This is supported by data that indicates that bet ween 1960 and 1997 the percentage of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) spent on health care by 29 members of the OECD (Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Development ) doubled from 3.9% to 7.6 % (Saito, Wickramasinghe, Fujii, Geisler, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Of these countries, the USA was the highest spender in 1997 with a reported 13.6% of the GDP being allocated to health care (Saito et al., 2010). Health care in the USA is funded through a combination of private and public sources (Sultz Young, 2010). Based on this arrangement it is noted that most working Americans under the age of 65 are covered by private insurance which is provided by their respective employers. On the other hand the main financing for public sources comes from Medicate which covers health services for individuals over 65 and Medicaid which caters for the low income segment of t he population (Sultz Young, 2010). However, the influence of various stakeholders such as providers, employers, consumers and political factors continue to make changes to the existing system. This is seen in the varied topics discussed in the national health care reform debates (Sultz Young, 2010). Through such discussions tensions often arise such as those about the role and responsibility of the government as a payer, consumers, relationships between cost and quality and the impact of systems on quality. The two most significant challenges in this plan include dealing with an estimated 47 million uninsured or underinsured and controlling rising health care costs (Sultz Young, 2010). In recent years the increasingly prominent role of technology has led to the continued effort to increase the role of technology in operations. The main reason behind this stems from the fact that this can reduce operation costs, improve cost effectiveness and service delivery (Saito et al., 2010). Surprisingly despite the increased use of technology there has been a continuous marked increase in the cost of health care across the US and is evident on observation of organizational budgets. It has been reported that on average in the US the annual budget for health care institutions increases by between 5% and 15% (Langabeer, 2008). This position would only be possible if expenses could be maintained thus allowing the institution to maintain similar pricing levels for services. There are several reasons that have been suggested to be the cause of this trend within the US health care industry. Because of this escalating costs health care has become an issue of major dissatisfaction among the American public (Patel Rushefsky, 2008). Despite changes that have been made to policy it seems the upward trend has continued as this century progresses (Greenwald, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Health Care – Operation Management in Canada, England and USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is especially an issue due to the fact that most of the payments for health care services are based on health insurance. It is reported that in the 1970’s most Americans never paid anything out of pocket for health care (Greenwald, 2010). The current situation is significantly different with public and private insurers continuously seeking ways to reduce coverage for individuals. As a result health care costs are higher and more Americans are likely to cater for these expenses out of pocket ((Naden, 2010). The escalating cost of health care has begun to raise serious concern in many quarters. For example, the American employers complain that the high cost of employee coverage ha strangled international competitiveness (Greenwald, 2010). On the other hand the recipients of health care are indicating a lack of comfort with increasing out of pocket expenditure. Due to this some studie s have indicated that health care costs are the main contributing factor to the majority of bankruptcies in the US. It is reported that programs to provide health care to the poor and elderly consume a portion of the federal budget far in excess of defense expenditure (Greenwald, 2010). Because of this obligation to provide health care to the poor the nation is under serious financial stress forcing it to make cuts on other essential budget areas such as infrastructure maintenance and education to satisfy health care obligations (See Appendix A). At the same time Americans began to show concern for the quality of service that they were receiving (Patel Rushefsky, 2008). This due to data that suggested the quality of service was below what was seen in other similar countries. For example, despite having the highest per capita expenditure on health care, the infant mortality rate was higher than in most other wealthy industrialized countries (Porter Teisberg, 2006). Statistics from 2004 indicate that Singapore has the best performance in prevention of infant mortality and records two infant deaths per 1000 live births. During the same year the US recorded 6.8 infant deaths per 1000 live births. At the same time despite increased life expectancy, it has been reported that by 2003, the US was ranked 16th in life expectancy worldwide (Greenwald, 2010). The economic downturns that were part of the early 21st century are in part responsible for the current situation in the US (Trouth, Wagner Doz, 2010). It is reported that at this time many Americans received health insurance coverage through their employers or the employers of parents and spouses (Greenwald, 2010). Following the major global economic events of the beginning of this century, it was estimated that by 2009, almost 3.7 million Americans had lost their health cover due to unemployment (Greenwald, 2010). This trend caused even greater concern among millions who though employed realized the possibility of losing health insurance if the economy continued its downward trend.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to problems with the health care system many citizens have started to raise questions in relation to the application of social justice within the system. This comes to light due to the fact that it appears the health care system serves the nation unevenly (Greenwald, 2010). This is evident in reports that suggest inequality in provision of health care services is prevalent when racial groups and economic strata are considered (Patel Rushefsky, 2008). Based on this it has been reported that individuals with higher incomes, advanced education, and do not come from minority communities tend to receive more services, have better health status and live longer than their less advantaged counter parts (Byrd Clayton, 2002). One point that is slowly becoming clear is that there are serious knowledge gaps in relation to the health care industry and this has lead to disillusionment among the American public (Sultz Young, 2010). This is due to the fact that the public originally had a pe rception of healthcare as a necessity provided by physicians who adhere to scientific standards in the provision of service. However, the current system contains major variations in therapeutic and diagnostic procedures that do not seem to produce a major variation in the outcome. The solution to the problem lies in major system wide reforms that should bring about increased efficiency in the system. This especially important given that the country spends far more on health care than many of its counter parts (Sultz Young, 2010). It has been noted that despite the massive expenditure on health care the US is currently unable to provide health cover to almost 17% of the population. This comes in addition to the fact that the country ranks poorly in terms of system wide measures such as life expectancy and infant mortality (Sultz Young, 2010). The problems with the health care system continue to cause major problems within the country and even the health care system employees are be ginning to become discouraged. This comes in light of institutional and agency administrators who suggest they care for patients but must reflect over riding budget considerations in every action (Sultz Young, 2010). Such administrators have caused much confusion and demoralization among health care employees. It should be noted that most employees in health care chose a health occupation because of a sense of caring and social justice (Sultz Young, 2010). The realization that the tradeoffs made to pursue these careers and the reality is different has caused significant loss of moral among the staff. Health Care in the UK In the United Kingdom the main body concerned with health care is known as the National Health Service (NHS) (Henderson, 2011). The NHS serves the purpose of providing services in a manner that provides social equality and collective compassion. The NHS was formed under the Health Authorities Act of 1995 that saw the 110 District Health Authorities and 90 Family Health Service Organizations merge to create 100 Unitary Health Authorities (Henderson, 2011). Each of these authorities serves the needs of about 500,000 people. The NHS is the largest employer in the UK with an annual budget of approximately 160 billion pounds and one million employees. The NHS can be traced to the early nineteenth century that saw the establishment of labor unions and other fraternal associations that provided health care to their members (Henderson, 2011). These activities that typically took place through much of Europe saw employers encourage workers to join these mutual aid societies to reduce public demand for charity care. In 1911, the UK was under the leadership of Prime Minister Lloyd George when the British parliament passed the first national Health Insurance Act (Henderson, 2011). This act served the purpose of strengthening the voluntary insurance program and provision of a funding mechanism for indigent care. Although membership to mutual aid societi es was not mandatory most workers joined and coverage included prescription drugs and services of a General Practitioner (GP) (Henderson, 2011). This did not cover specialty care and hospitalization which were catered for under Local government support and charity care. Following the World War II, there was a profound change in the attitude towards health care (Greener, 2009). Before the end of the War, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill gave instructions to study the health care system and provide recommendations for change. These actions lead to the implementation of the National Health Service Act in 1948 (Moran, 1999). The passing of this Act signified that the entire population was covered under a single plan that provided a comprehensive package of benefits. These benefits would be provided from general tax revenues and were provided free to patients at the point of use (Moran, 1999). The emergence of a single payer concept and limited supervision of service providers kept administrative cost of the system low, despite the fact that the NHS was underfunded and dominated by the medical community (Henderson, 2011). These budgetary constraints coupled with the effects of slow growth during some years lead to politicization of health care delivery and several crises emerged. This trend saw almost one crisis emerge every three years between government policy makers and the medical practitioners (Henderson, 2011). It should be noted that the NHS inherited a resource distribution system that favored metropolitan areas in and around London. This caused some difficulty given that one of the goals of this new system was to address and eliminate existing inequality (Henderson, 2011). This saw targets to increase service provision in underserved regions and reduce expansion in over served regions of the Kingdom. However, even with these changes there remains disparity in the per capita hospital spending with difference of as much as 40% across regions. Under this system of care every citizen is registered with a GP and is able to access primary and preventive care in this setting. It is reported that there are about 35,000 GP’s in almost 9,000 practices responsible for almost 90% of all patients (Henderson, 2011). This GP thus serves as the family doctor for the patient and is also a gatekeeper for specialists or consultants within the system. Any patient in the system that requires extensive testing or specialized treatment is directly referred to a specialist or admitted directly to hospital (Henderson, 2011). Based on this system, it is procedure that anyone requiring an elective procedure is place d on a waiting list. This includes procedures such as cataract surgery, hip replacement, coronary artery bypass and breast reconstruction following mastectomy (Henderson, 2011). This position suggests that any non life threatening procedure is allowed to wait for a while. Statistics from 2007 indicated that there were almost 750,000 peo ple on waiting lists for hospital admission, a figure that translates to one percent of the population. The target for 2008 in relation to hospital admission was 18 weeks and currently less than 50% manage to gain admission before completion of the duration. It is clear to see that because of the waiting lists those who can afford private supplementary health insurance have purchased it. For this reason it has been reported that about 12% of the population have health insurance especially in the high income earning bracket and individuals in managerial positions (Henderson, 2011). Of the portion with private coverage, two thirds receive it through risk rated policies that are given by employers. The premiums for such coverage must be covered by pretax income and any benefit from the coverage is subject to an income tax and a 5% premium tax (Henderson, 2011). The patients with private care still to a great extent use NHS for emergency and chronic care. The private coverage is mainly to cater for quality of life issues such as hip replacement, gall bladder disease and hernia repair among others. Only about 20% of non emergency surgery is paid for using private coverage and thus it appears this coverage is a safety valve for the NHS. The private system has been criticized for taking the pressure off the NHS thus slowing the pace of change within the institution. In addition to that, it has been suggested that it facilitates a two tiered system that fosters inequality (Henderson, 2011). This may be true in part given that the average net earnings of self employed practitioners was 161,624 pounds while that of hospital based practitioners was from 85,000 to 120,000 (Henderson, 2011). This difference is salary tends to support the claim as it appears privately employed physicians can earn significantly more than their counterparts in government employ. It is reported that the NHS inherited almost 3,000 hospitals at inception. The reorganization within the system tod ay has seen far fewer hospitals in five major categories namely, specialist hospitals, major acute hospitals, elective centers, local hospitals and poly clinics (Henderson, 2011). The number of hospital beds also declined significantly from 480,000 in 1948 to 165,000 in 2008. The most recent figures on bed occupancy stand at 84.5% for all hospitals. The system is to some degree paternalistic and is mainly concerned with resource allocation. It has been suggested that the patients in the UK are poorly informed when compared with others in the developed world (Henderson, 2011). For this reason, the physician is the sole determinant on the needs of a patient and as such it is possible that their decisions are governed to a greater degree by rationing than clinical decision (Henderson, 2011). In 1993 the system underwent some degree of reform that saw the inclusion of choice and competition in the system. Unfortunately competition failed to create the desired improvements due to weak in centives (Harrison McDonald, 2008). As a result to become a provider of health services, a health organization was required to become a NHS trust. These trusts became independent organizations competing for patients while many GP’s became fund holders with their individual budgets (Henderson, 2011). As a result of these changes, by 1995, all health care was being provided through NHS trusts. In addition to that GP’s who did not want to become fund holders had budgets centrally controlled by the NHS. Based on this change patients began to receive better treatment from fund holders bringing an end to the complaints from the patient population. This also led to the emergence of a two tiered system (Henderson, 2011). This disturbing trend came to an end with a change of government that pledged to end the internal market arising within the NHS. The GP fund holding was changed and some 30,000 GP’s were placed in one of 500 primary care trusts (PCT). Each PCT has a bu dget and provides primary care, community health services and all other medical services for a population of between 50,000 and 250,000 (Henderson, 2011). These reforms shifted the emphasis from a market based model to a government run system based on collaboration and cooperation. In addition to those changes the new NHS unveiled a 10 year plan that promised more hospitals, physicians, cleaner facilities among other changes. This was promised while the NHS continued to be underfunded and thus suggested an increase the budget. This increase was expected to take place between March 2000 and end of 2005 and would see an average annual increase in NHS spending by 6.3% (Henderson, 2011). Despite the numerous changes to the health care system it has been noted that inequalities still exist as is evident based on life expectancy between managerial and unskilled groups (Henderson, 2011). The need to reform continues to receive strong opposition as the majorities believe in equal access in preference to quality care (Greener, 2009). Currently the new government is in the process of making changes that will improve the equity of the system (Watson Ovseiko, 2005). Among the changes will be a freedom to select the service provider to allow for a more patient centered approach to treatment. Health Care in Canada The Canadian health care system is based upon attempts at using the Aristotelian model of finding the golden mean. This is because it is believed that this principle is useful when thinking about health care as both extremes in funding health care are dangerous (Fierlbeck, 2011). It has been observed that the golden mean is based on desirable qualities of the given health care system. Such qualities include cost containment, efficiency, equity, universality, comprehensiveness and responsiveness (Fierlbeck, 2011). The main objective of the Canadian health care system is to provide a national mechanism that satisfies such requirements (OECD, 2001). The current heal th Canadian health care system can be traced to 1947 and the efforts of Tommy Douglas through the introduction of a publicly funded university hospital in Saskatchewan (Fierlbeck, 2011). However, others mention that it was not until 1972 that the Canadian health care system was fully established. These points are both true to some extent due to the fact that Canada does not have one health care system but has 13 due to the role of each territory on health care in its jurisdiction (Fierlbeck, 2011). Based on this therefore it is observed that some provinces such as Ontario had publicly financed health care in place from the early twentieth century. However, it was the Saskatchewan universal hospital insurance plan that acted as a model for the subsequent developments in various states. Following these actions in Saskatchewan, by 1957 Ottawa agree to cost share the program with any province that would agree to conform to four basic principles namely, universality, comprehensiveness, p ortability and public administration (Fierlbeck, 2011). Based on this the 1966 Medical Care Act formed the basis for the current Canadian Health Act (CHA) of 1984 (Naylor, 1992). Based on the provisions of this legislation all provinces were involved in both cost sharing programs with the federal government. The voluntary coordination of health services in all provinces by the federal government is what generally constitutes the Canadian Health Care system (Fierlbeck, 2011). The Canadian Health care system is fragmented system controlled by various federal governments but coordinated by the state with consent of the provinces. Based on this arrangement the larger part of hospital and physician care is covered through public insurance in Canada (Fierlbeck, 2011). However, many medical goods and services are not included in this coverage. The health services are generally catered for by private practitioners who are either reimbursed by public or private insurance and in some cases ou t of pocket payments (Fierlbeck, 2011). The majority of hospitals in Canada are private not for profit institutions that are funded through a global budget from provincial departments of health. While all Canadians are free to select their GP (Or switch GP’s as they please), the territories use a gatekeeper system under which patients have access to specialists only through referral by a family physician (Fierlbeck, 2011). Both the GP’s and specialists are reimbursed by the provinces based on guidelines and fee schedules determined in discussions with the professional associations. Services that are publicly funded include GP services, hospital care and diagnostic services performed in hospitals. Most of the funds used to cater for these expenses come from the provinces respective tax bases, where less than 20% of health care expenditure is transferred to provinces from Ottawa (Fierlbeck, 2011). In Canada two provinces namely, British Columbia and Quebec levy health ca re premiums which are considered taxes as they go directly into general revenue as opposed to health care programs. Access to all publicly insured services is granted to all regardless of whether the premiums have been paid or not. In four states, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland, the authorities levy payroll based taxes those these are not like true payroll based schemes where only those who pay can benefit (Fierlbeck, 2011). Rather these funds are earmarked for payment and go directly into general revenues to be distributed among the general public. It should be noted that long term care and services such as pharmaceuticals are not covered under the CHA (Fierlbeck, 2011). However, several provinces have programs that cater for these through a varied approach to finance (Baylis, 2011). This is because while CHA does not cover pharmaceuticals, most Canadians have insurance for pharmaceuticals (Fierlbeck, 2011). This is seen in territories such as Quebec which require emplo yees to enroll for private insurance for drug coverage. Others territories such as Saskatchewan, Manitoba and British Columbia have income based pharmacare programs. Other states also include drug coverage for seniors or catastrophic drug requirements. However, the majority of Canadians simply have voluntary private drug coverage (Fierlbeck, 2011). This health care system is influenced by pressures for change and attempts to identify channels to implements change as with any other health care system (Caulfield Tigerstrom, 2002). The primary difference is that these decisions rely on a largely on legal institutions (Constitution and CHA), economic pressures, politics, versus the voters (Fierlbeck, 2011). These opposing forces often have very different demands and the key to maintaining the balance in the system have been the golden mean principle that guided the formation of the CHA (Caulfield Tigerstrom, 2002). References Baylis, F. (2011). Health Care Ethics in Canada. Printed in the USA: Nelson Education Ltd. Brandeau, M., Sainfort, F., Pierskalla, W. (2004). Operations Research and Health Care: A Handbook of Methods and Applications. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Byrd, M., Clayton, L. (2002). An American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health care in the United States. London: Routledge. Caulfield, T., Tigerstrom, B. (2002). Health Care Reform the Law in Canada: Meeting the Challenge. Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press. Fierlbeck, K. (2011). Health Care in Canada: A Citizens Guide to Policy and Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Greener, I. (2009). Health care in the UK: Understanding Continuity and Change. Bristol: The Policy Press. Greenwald, H. (2010). Health Care in the United States: Organization, Management, and Policy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass. Harrison, S., McDonald, R. (2008). The Politics of Healthcare in Britain: London: SAGE publications Ltd. Henderson, J. (2011). Health Economics and Policy. Mason , OH: South-Western. Langabeer, J. R. (2008). Health Care Operations Management: A Quantitative Approach to Business and Logistics. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Moran, M. (1999). Governing the Health care state: A Comparative Study of the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Naden, C. (2010). Health Care; A Right or a Privilege? White Plains, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. Naylor, C. (1992). Canadian Health care and the State: A Century of Evolution. Printed in Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Organization for economic Development and Cooperation (OECD) (2001). Canada. France: OECD Publishing. Patel, K., Rushefsky, M. (2008). Health Care in America: Separate and Unequal. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. Peterson, C., Burton, R. (2008). The US Health Care Spending: Comparison with other OECD Countries. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc. Porter, M., Teisberg, O. (2006). Redefining Health Care: Cre ating Value based Competition n Results. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Saito, M., Wickramasinghe, N., Fujii, M., Geisler, E. (2010). Redesigning Innovative Healthcare Operation and the Role of Knowledge Management. Hershey, PA: Medical Information Science Reference. Sultz, H., Young, K. (2010). Health Care USA: Understanding its Organization and Delivery. Boston, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Trouth. C., Wagner, M., Doz, P. (2010). Universal Health care Problems in the United States of America. Victoria, Canada: Friesen Press. Watson, J., Ovseiko, P. (2005). Health Care Systems: Major Themes in Health and Social Welfare. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Appendix Appendix A: Growth in Health care costs (Greenwald, 2010). Appendix B: Comparison of Healthcare Expenditure among OECD Countries (Peterson Burton, 2008). Appendix C: Health Care Expenditure in OECD Countries (Peterson Burton, 2008). This report on Health Care – Operation Management in Canada, England and USA was written and submitted by user Lainey S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.